Human Development Video Questions

1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA
2. Genes are located in the DNA
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? 1,000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? Miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of 46 chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? Diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? Fallopian tubes
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? Muscular contractions and cilia
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? Because of acididty, they must escape or die.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? Gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. It's an 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing and on the side of the face is an eye.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft. long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? Chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? Starting 2 months after being fertilized.
17. When does the placenta begin to form? In the early weeks.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? To grow.
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? Because the human brain is 3-4 times bigger and we have a more narrow pelvis.

Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Worksheet

1. What is a hormone? A chemical which is produced in one part of the body and has an affect on another.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones? Reproductive system
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? The uterus
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube? Oviduct
6. Where does fertilization take place? In the fallopian tubes
7. What is ovulation? A process in which an egg is released from the ovary
8. What is the follicle converted to? A corpus luteum
9. What happens during the flow phase? Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase? The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase? A hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to develop further.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? It sheds
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? Developing
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what? Egg
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? Progesterone
17. What is the rhythm method? There is a period of 3-4 days when pregnancy can occur, after ovulation the egg remains fertile for about 24 hrs. and sperm can remain fertile for about 48 hours or more.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? Parents
19. What is menopause? What causes it? The halting of the menstrual cycle which occurs at around the age of 45-50 in most women. The cause is the cessation of LH secretion by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur? After ovulation
21. When is a zygote formed? When fertilization occurs
22. What is a placenta? The organ which is made of embryo and uterine tissues that aids in exchange of matrerials

Reproductive System Vocabulary

1. Corpus luteum-a yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg
2. Epididymis-a long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens
3. Gonad-a sex gland in which gametes are produced; an ovary or testis
4. Meiosis-part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid
5. Oocyte-an immature egg cell of the animal ovary
6. Ovary-the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop
7. Placenta-the organ in most mammals, formed in the lining of the uterus by the union of the uterine mucous membrane with the membranes of the fetus, that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products
8. Scrotum-the pouch of skin that contains the testes
9. Seminiferous tubule-any of the coiled tubules of the testis in which spermatozoa are produced
10. Testis-the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum
11. Vulva-the external female genitalia
12. Blastocyst-the blastula of the mammalian embryo, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast
13. Embryo-the young of a viviparous animal, esp. of a mammal, in the early stages of development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month
14. Fetus-the young of an animal in the womb or egg, esp. in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation
15. Implantation-the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus
16. Lactation-the secretion or formation of milk
17. Umbilical cord-a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother and transporting nourishment from the mother and wastes from the fetus
18. Yolk sac-an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, and marsupials and that circulates nourishment from the yolk to the developing embryo
19. Zygote-the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage
20. Ultrasound-using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs

Digestive and Urinary Questions In Text

Critical Thinking:
3. What effect is a before dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Your body will start getting dehydrated before you eat. Since you will be dehydrated this will take your body longer to digest.

Review Exercises:
1. List the accessory organs of the digestive system. Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum
5. Name the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal. Mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para. Increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. Enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. It results from a complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.

Review Exercises:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. Kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
3. List the functions of the kidneys. Produce urine
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorption and secretion as they relate.
16. Define auto regulation. Ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of ureter. Carries urine from kidney to bladder
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. You will get a kidney infection
37. Describe the structure of the urinary bladder. Stores urine until ready to be excreted
40. Compare the urethra of a female with one of a male. The females' is alot shorter then the males'. The males' also has 2 functions, to urinate and ejaculate

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Worksheet

1. What is the purpose of the reproductive system? Production of offspring.
2. What is the function of the ovaries? Produce the ova and the female hormones.
3. What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
4. What is the name of the lining of the uterus? The fallopian tubes
5. Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. The fundus which is the uppermost or top portion of the uterus, the body which is the middle portion, and the cervix which is the neck-like portion.
6. What is the female organ of copulation? The vagina
7. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
8. What is the male organ of copulation? The penis
9. What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? Passes urine and semen out of the body.
10. What are the two functions of the testes? Production of sperm cells and secretion of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
11. What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? The scrotum
12. Why are the testes located outside the body?

13. Where do sperm mature? The epididymis
14. What is the vas deferens? A small tube which connects the epididymis and ejaculatory duct.
15. What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? The seminal vesicles
16. What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes and alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile anf protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina. Also aids in neutralizing the acid in the male urethra.
17. What is semen? Its made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper's glands.

Urinary System Worksheet

1. What are three functions of the kidneys? Filters all matter from the blood not just waste products, selectively reabsorbs all substances that the body canb make use of, eliments waste products in blood in the form of urine.
2. What is the protective layer around the kidney? Peri-renal capsule
3. What is the outer layer of the kidney? Cortex
4. What is the urine collection system of the kidney? Medulla
5. What is the dilated end of the ureters called? Pelvis
6. What is the function of the bladder? To store urine
7. What transports urine in males? Females? The urethra transports urine in males and females the only difference is the females urethra doesn't transport semen and is 1.5-2in. in length instead of 7-8in.

Digestive System Worksheet

1. What is the digestive tract? A long, continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It exits out the anus along with dead cells, bacteria and other waste products.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis? The presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane? A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored? In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation? A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of? A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood simply by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.