Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1. What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle? 5-10% is smooth muscle and 40% is striated muscle.
2. Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each? Stroma-functions solely as an inert structural element. Cellular- Contractile-essential for contraction
3. What is a myofibril? An independent cylindrical element that runs the length of the muscle fiber.
4. Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5. Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere. The thick filament and the thin filament.
6. Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7. What is the sliding filament theory? It states that muscle contraction results from the relative movement of the thick and thin filaments past each other.
8. Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what? Calcium ions.

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? Because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2. What is an example of a fibrous joint? The bones that hold together the skull.
3. Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. A cartilaginous joint is formed where two bones are united by intervening fibrocartilage, like the vertebrae of the spinal column.
4. What type of joint essentially allows free movement? A synovial joint.
5. What lubricates a joint cavity? The synovial fluid
6. For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
-Plane joint -Slightly curved articular surfaces; permits gliding or slipping in any direction. Ex. hand
-Hinge joint-One surface which is shaped like an irregular cylinder while the other surface has a concave groove. Movement is limited to rotation around a single axis. Ex. elbow
-Condylar joint-Two articular surfaces on each bone, known as condyles. Similar to a hinge joint, but also permits other kind of movement. Ex. knee joint.
-Ball and Socket joint-Consists of a spherical articulation which fits into a cupshaped cavity on the other bone. Movement is possible in a variety of directions. Ex. shoulder joint.
-Ellipsoidal joint-Like a ball and socket joiny except circumference of the joint socket is oval rather than circular. Permits movement in a varitey of directions. Ex. wrist joint.
-Pivot joint-Has a bony peg which fits into a concave notch in such a way that one bone can rotate with respect to the other. Ex. joints between radius and ulna.
-Saddle joint-resembles two western saddles, one inverted and the second at the right angles to the first, both articulating surfaces are concave in one direction and convex in the other. Movement can occur in a variety of directions. Ex. base of the thumb joint.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones. Supporting the body, protecting the internal organs, to provide muscle attatchment, blood cell production.
2. How many bones are there in the human body? 206
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division. The axial skeleton-skull, sternum, clavicle, vertebral column, and the rib cage. Appendicular skeleton-humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and the fibula
4. What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus
5. What bone makes up the face? Skull
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. Rib cage and pelvis.
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? Radius
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? Scapula
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone? Tibia
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.

Integumentary Study Questions in Text

Critical Thinking Questions: pg. 193
3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissue. How would you explain this observation? Because deeper burns destroy your nerves and feelings.
6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when excercising in warm weather. It is important to keep your body hydrated during excercise in warm weather so that if your body gets overheated you have enough water to sweat it out and regain normal temperature.
8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Peeling after a sunburn is protective because it allows your body's new cells to restore your skin.

Review Excercises: pg. 194
4. List six functions of skin. Protection, Sensation, Heat Regulation, Control of Evaporation, Excretion, aand Absorption.
5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis. Epidermis is the layer of skin on the top and dermis is the deeper part of the skin underneath.
6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It lies below the dermis and is made up of loose connective tissue. It helps to insulate the body by monitoring heat gain and heat loss.
8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum.
13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. Hair is an outgrowth of proteins and hair follicles are the skin that grows the hair by packing cells together.
15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of a tough protein called keratin which is produced from living skin cells in the fingers and toes.
16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They act to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. They can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. The nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive, then the body heat is conserved and it rises back to normal.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. The amount of oxygen in the blood-if its well oxygenated then the skin appears pinkish in fair skinned people, if its oxygen concentration is low it appears bluish. The state of the blood vessels- if they're dialated then a fair-skinned person appears reddish, conditions that constrict the blood vessels make it lose the reddish color. And if a person had a liver malfunction-jaundice- they're skin appears yellowish.
27. Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree burns. First degree burns are only on the epidermis, they're red and they hurt but they heal quickly and there is no scarring. Second degree burns are on the epidermis and a little bit of the dermis, they're red they hurt n they cause blisters, they typically heal easily and usually dont scar unless there is an infection. Third degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis and appear leathery and dark but dont hurt.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn. All third-degree burns require medical treatment.
29. List three effects of aging on skin. Appearance, temperature regulation, and vitamin D activation.