Human Development Video Questions

1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA
2. Genes are located in the DNA
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? 1,000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? Miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of 46 chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? Diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? Fallopian tubes
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? Muscular contractions and cilia
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? Because of acididty, they must escape or die.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? Gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. It's an 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing and on the side of the face is an eye.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft. long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? Chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? Starting 2 months after being fertilized.
17. When does the placenta begin to form? In the early weeks.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? To grow.
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? Because the human brain is 3-4 times bigger and we have a more narrow pelvis.

Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Worksheet

1. What is a hormone? A chemical which is produced in one part of the body and has an affect on another.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones? Reproductive system
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? The uterus
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube? Oviduct
6. Where does fertilization take place? In the fallopian tubes
7. What is ovulation? A process in which an egg is released from the ovary
8. What is the follicle converted to? A corpus luteum
9. What happens during the flow phase? Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase? The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase? A hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to develop further.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? It sheds
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? Developing
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what? Egg
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? Progesterone
17. What is the rhythm method? There is a period of 3-4 days when pregnancy can occur, after ovulation the egg remains fertile for about 24 hrs. and sperm can remain fertile for about 48 hours or more.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? Parents
19. What is menopause? What causes it? The halting of the menstrual cycle which occurs at around the age of 45-50 in most women. The cause is the cessation of LH secretion by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur? After ovulation
21. When is a zygote formed? When fertilization occurs
22. What is a placenta? The organ which is made of embryo and uterine tissues that aids in exchange of matrerials

Reproductive System Vocabulary

1. Corpus luteum-a yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg
2. Epididymis-a long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens
3. Gonad-a sex gland in which gametes are produced; an ovary or testis
4. Meiosis-part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid
5. Oocyte-an immature egg cell of the animal ovary
6. Ovary-the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop
7. Placenta-the organ in most mammals, formed in the lining of the uterus by the union of the uterine mucous membrane with the membranes of the fetus, that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products
8. Scrotum-the pouch of skin that contains the testes
9. Seminiferous tubule-any of the coiled tubules of the testis in which spermatozoa are produced
10. Testis-the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum
11. Vulva-the external female genitalia
12. Blastocyst-the blastula of the mammalian embryo, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast
13. Embryo-the young of a viviparous animal, esp. of a mammal, in the early stages of development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month
14. Fetus-the young of an animal in the womb or egg, esp. in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation
15. Implantation-the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus
16. Lactation-the secretion or formation of milk
17. Umbilical cord-a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother and transporting nourishment from the mother and wastes from the fetus
18. Yolk sac-an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, and marsupials and that circulates nourishment from the yolk to the developing embryo
19. Zygote-the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage
20. Ultrasound-using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs

Digestive and Urinary Questions In Text

Critical Thinking:
3. What effect is a before dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Your body will start getting dehydrated before you eat. Since you will be dehydrated this will take your body longer to digest.

Review Exercises:
1. List the accessory organs of the digestive system. Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum
5. Name the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal. Mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para. Increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. Enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. It results from a complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.

Review Exercises:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. Kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
3. List the functions of the kidneys. Produce urine
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorption and secretion as they relate.
16. Define auto regulation. Ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of ureter. Carries urine from kidney to bladder
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. You will get a kidney infection
37. Describe the structure of the urinary bladder. Stores urine until ready to be excreted
40. Compare the urethra of a female with one of a male. The females' is alot shorter then the males'. The males' also has 2 functions, to urinate and ejaculate

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Worksheet

1. What is the purpose of the reproductive system? Production of offspring.
2. What is the function of the ovaries? Produce the ova and the female hormones.
3. What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
4. What is the name of the lining of the uterus? The fallopian tubes
5. Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. The fundus which is the uppermost or top portion of the uterus, the body which is the middle portion, and the cervix which is the neck-like portion.
6. What is the female organ of copulation? The vagina
7. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
8. What is the male organ of copulation? The penis
9. What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? Passes urine and semen out of the body.
10. What are the two functions of the testes? Production of sperm cells and secretion of an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
11. What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? The scrotum
12. Why are the testes located outside the body?

13. Where do sperm mature? The epididymis
14. What is the vas deferens? A small tube which connects the epididymis and ejaculatory duct.
15. What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? The seminal vesicles
16. What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes and alkaline fluid to keep the sperm mobile anf protect them from the acid secretion of the female vagina. Also aids in neutralizing the acid in the male urethra.
17. What is semen? Its made up of sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper's glands.

Urinary System Worksheet

1. What are three functions of the kidneys? Filters all matter from the blood not just waste products, selectively reabsorbs all substances that the body canb make use of, eliments waste products in blood in the form of urine.
2. What is the protective layer around the kidney? Peri-renal capsule
3. What is the outer layer of the kidney? Cortex
4. What is the urine collection system of the kidney? Medulla
5. What is the dilated end of the ureters called? Pelvis
6. What is the function of the bladder? To store urine
7. What transports urine in males? Females? The urethra transports urine in males and females the only difference is the females urethra doesn't transport semen and is 1.5-2in. in length instead of 7-8in.

Digestive System Worksheet

1. What is the digestive tract? A long, continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It exits out the anus along with dead cells, bacteria and other waste products.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis? The presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane? A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored? In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation? A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of? A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood simply by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others must be forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.

Basic Respiratory Worksheet

1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Mouth & Nose
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? The trachea and pharynx
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? Larynx
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? Anterior
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? Nose & Mouth
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? Alveoli
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? The capillaries
8. What is the main muscle of respiration? Diaphragm
9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale? The diaphragm contracts; The diaphragm relaxes
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.

Heart Worksheet

1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? Closed Circulatory System
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. Transport dissolved nutrients to all body cells, maintain homeostasis, carries hormones, and transpiorts gases.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? Arteries
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? Veins
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? Pericardium
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called? Myocardium
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called? Endocardium
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities? Atrium and Ventricle
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium? Pulmonary Veins; Superior Vena Cava and Inferioe Vena Cava
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle? Aorta;

Graphic Organizer Of The Senses

Basic Eye Anatomy Worksheet

1. The eye is part of which nervous system? Central
2. What types of tissues give the eye protection? Fatty and connective
3. What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands
4. What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? The conjunctiva
5. What is the cornea? The anterior portion of the sclera.
6. What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The retina
7. What is the function of the rods? The cones? Rods-for night vision; Cones-for daylight vision and color vision
8. What is the colored part of the eye? The iris
9. What structure allows light to enter the eye? The pupil
10. Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina

Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet

1.



2. What is the function of the following:
Pinna-Directs sound waves into the auditory canal.
Tympanic membrane-Turns the sound waves into sound vibrations.
Ossicles-Magnify the sound vibrations
Cochlea-Movement of fluids
Semicircular canals-Balance of the body, sends impulses to the brain to let it know your body is off balance, your brain would then send a message out for your body to correct itself.



3. What three bones make up the ossicles? The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.



4. What is the function of hairs in the ear? They stimulate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain by way of the auditory nerve.

Basic Nervous System Anatomy

1. What does CNS and PNS stand for? CNS-Central Nervous System; PNS-Peripheral Nervous System
2. What are the parts of the CNS? Brain and spinal cord.
3. Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls. Maintain digestion.
4. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control? Sympathetic-controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear, and emergency. Parasympathetic-brings the body back to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.
5. What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each? Sensory Neuron-sends a message to your brain to tell you when something hurts etc.; Motor Neuron-Carries the impulse from the CNS to your muscle for an action Interneuron-Converts the impulse through the CNS
6. What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite? The axon is the sending end of a neuron and a dendrite is the receiving end.
7. What is a synapse? The sparking or jumping of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.
8. Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.

Skeletal System Graphic Organizer

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1. What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle? 5-10% is smooth muscle and 40% is striated muscle.
2. Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each? Stroma-functions solely as an inert structural element. Cellular- Contractile-essential for contraction
3. What is a myofibril? An independent cylindrical element that runs the length of the muscle fiber.
4. Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5. Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere. The thick filament and the thin filament.
6. Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7. What is the sliding filament theory? It states that muscle contraction results from the relative movement of the thick and thin filaments past each other.
8. Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what? Calcium ions.

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? Because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2. What is an example of a fibrous joint? The bones that hold together the skull.
3. Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. A cartilaginous joint is formed where two bones are united by intervening fibrocartilage, like the vertebrae of the spinal column.
4. What type of joint essentially allows free movement? A synovial joint.
5. What lubricates a joint cavity? The synovial fluid
6. For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
-Plane joint -Slightly curved articular surfaces; permits gliding or slipping in any direction. Ex. hand
-Hinge joint-One surface which is shaped like an irregular cylinder while the other surface has a concave groove. Movement is limited to rotation around a single axis. Ex. elbow
-Condylar joint-Two articular surfaces on each bone, known as condyles. Similar to a hinge joint, but also permits other kind of movement. Ex. knee joint.
-Ball and Socket joint-Consists of a spherical articulation which fits into a cupshaped cavity on the other bone. Movement is possible in a variety of directions. Ex. shoulder joint.
-Ellipsoidal joint-Like a ball and socket joiny except circumference of the joint socket is oval rather than circular. Permits movement in a varitey of directions. Ex. wrist joint.
-Pivot joint-Has a bony peg which fits into a concave notch in such a way that one bone can rotate with respect to the other. Ex. joints between radius and ulna.
-Saddle joint-resembles two western saddles, one inverted and the second at the right angles to the first, both articulating surfaces are concave in one direction and convex in the other. Movement can occur in a variety of directions. Ex. base of the thumb joint.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones. Supporting the body, protecting the internal organs, to provide muscle attatchment, blood cell production.
2. How many bones are there in the human body? 206
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division. The axial skeleton-skull, sternum, clavicle, vertebral column, and the rib cage. Appendicular skeleton-humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and the fibula
4. What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus
5. What bone makes up the face? Skull
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. Rib cage and pelvis.
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? Radius
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? Scapula
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone? Tibia
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.

Integumentary Study Questions in Text

Critical Thinking Questions: pg. 193
3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissue. How would you explain this observation? Because deeper burns destroy your nerves and feelings.
6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when excercising in warm weather. It is important to keep your body hydrated during excercise in warm weather so that if your body gets overheated you have enough water to sweat it out and regain normal temperature.
8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Peeling after a sunburn is protective because it allows your body's new cells to restore your skin.

Review Excercises: pg. 194
4. List six functions of skin. Protection, Sensation, Heat Regulation, Control of Evaporation, Excretion, aand Absorption.
5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis. Epidermis is the layer of skin on the top and dermis is the deeper part of the skin underneath.
6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It lies below the dermis and is made up of loose connective tissue. It helps to insulate the body by monitoring heat gain and heat loss.
8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum.
13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. Hair is an outgrowth of proteins and hair follicles are the skin that grows the hair by packing cells together.
15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of a tough protein called keratin which is produced from living skin cells in the fingers and toes.
16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They act to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. They can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. The nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive, then the body heat is conserved and it rises back to normal.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. The amount of oxygen in the blood-if its well oxygenated then the skin appears pinkish in fair skinned people, if its oxygen concentration is low it appears bluish. The state of the blood vessels- if they're dialated then a fair-skinned person appears reddish, conditions that constrict the blood vessels make it lose the reddish color. And if a person had a liver malfunction-jaundice- they're skin appears yellowish.
27. Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree burns. First degree burns are only on the epidermis, they're red and they hurt but they heal quickly and there is no scarring. Second degree burns are on the epidermis and a little bit of the dermis, they're red they hurt n they cause blisters, they typically heal easily and usually dont scar unless there is an infection. Third degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis and appear leathery and dark but dont hurt.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn. All third-degree burns require medical treatment.
29. List three effects of aging on skin. Appearance, temperature regulation, and vitamin D activation.

The Living Cell: Questions and Answers

There are 5 basic life functions:
Growth and Development
Reproduce
Respond to environment
Nutrition
Excertion

All living things have certain things in common:
Adaptation to their environment
Sensitive to environment
Reproduction
Cells
They grow and develop

The building blocks of life are cells.

All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans.

Why are cells not the same? Because they reflect the different functions they serve.

The first person to discover cells was Robert Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like monks' cells called cellula. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope. The cell theory was created by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

The three main ideas in the cell theory are
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells arise from preexisting cells
All organisms are made up of one or more cells

Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and a cell wall. All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell. The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is to provide the cell with its unique characteristics. The mitochondria are also known as the power centers of the cell because their function is to obtain energy from glucose by tissue respiration. Storage is the main function of the vacuole. Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a membrane. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located in the nucleoid. There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires ________________________________________ and _____________________________.

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

What organelle makes the energy used in active transport?

Is a virus a living cell? No

What is contained inside a virus? DNA and RNA

What is the only life function of a virus?

Study Questions in Anatomy Text

Chapter 1: pg. 29
Critical Thinking:
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?

4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of the discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? Intestines

Review Exercises
Part A:
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the brain and the structues of the body, Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures.

4. List and describe ten characteristics of life. Movement, Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion

6. List and describe five requirements of organisms. Water-it transports substances within organisms and is important in regulating body temperature, Food-provides prgansim with necessary chemicals, Oxygen-releases energy from nutrients, Heat-a form of energy, Pressure-an application of force on an object or substance, needed for blood pressure in humans which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.

7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6. The control center of the brain is call the hypothalamus and is related to homeostasis. When a person becomes overheated the hypothalamus triggers a series of changes that promotes loss of body heat. Like when you sweat, sweat glands in the skin secret watery perspiration to cool the body off, another reason you need water. Also another homeostatic mechanism regulates the blood pressure in the blood blood vessels leading away from the heart. If your blood pressure goes to high up the brain signals the heart to fix it.

11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback. Receptors in the body detect when something is off balance and it turns on an effector. The effector then causes a reaction to restore the balance, when it's enouh to return the body into a state of balance the receptor turns off.

13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body. The axial portion includes the head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular portion includes the upper and lower limbs.

14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within the each. The dorsal cavity is in the back and the ventral cavity is located in the front. Within the dorsal cavity is the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. Within the ventral cavity is the thoracic cavity, plueral cavity, pericardial cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Part B
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach-Abdominal Cavity
b. heart-Pericardial Cavity
c. brain-Cranial Cavity
d. liver-Abdonimal Cavity
e. trachea-Thoracic Cavity
f. rectum-Abdominal Cavity
g. spinal cord-Spinal Cavity
h. esophagus-Thoracic Cavity
i. spleen-Abdonimal Cavity
j. urinary bladder-Pelvic Cavity

Chapter 3; pg 107-108
Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.-Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.-Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.-Filtration

Review Exercises:

2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.

3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.

12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth ER-breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction; Rough ER-ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to th lengething protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium-
h. flagellum-
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.

14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Chapter 5; pg 167
Review Exercises:
1. Define tissue.-A group of cells performing a similar function.

2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.-Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue

12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.-Holds everything together; blood and bones are connective tissues.