Study Questions in Anatomy Text

Chapter 1: pg. 29
Critical Thinking:
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?

4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of the discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? Intestines

Review Exercises
Part A:
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the brain and the structues of the body, Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures.

4. List and describe ten characteristics of life. Movement, Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion

6. List and describe five requirements of organisms. Water-it transports substances within organisms and is important in regulating body temperature, Food-provides prgansim with necessary chemicals, Oxygen-releases energy from nutrients, Heat-a form of energy, Pressure-an application of force on an object or substance, needed for blood pressure in humans which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.

7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6. The control center of the brain is call the hypothalamus and is related to homeostasis. When a person becomes overheated the hypothalamus triggers a series of changes that promotes loss of body heat. Like when you sweat, sweat glands in the skin secret watery perspiration to cool the body off, another reason you need water. Also another homeostatic mechanism regulates the blood pressure in the blood blood vessels leading away from the heart. If your blood pressure goes to high up the brain signals the heart to fix it.

11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback. Receptors in the body detect when something is off balance and it turns on an effector. The effector then causes a reaction to restore the balance, when it's enouh to return the body into a state of balance the receptor turns off.

13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body. The axial portion includes the head, neck, and trunk. The appendicular portion includes the upper and lower limbs.

14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within the each. The dorsal cavity is in the back and the ventral cavity is located in the front. Within the dorsal cavity is the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. Within the ventral cavity is the thoracic cavity, plueral cavity, pericardial cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Part B
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach-Abdominal Cavity
b. heart-Pericardial Cavity
c. brain-Cranial Cavity
d. liver-Abdonimal Cavity
e. trachea-Thoracic Cavity
f. rectum-Abdominal Cavity
g. spinal cord-Spinal Cavity
h. esophagus-Thoracic Cavity
i. spleen-Abdonimal Cavity
j. urinary bladder-Pelvic Cavity

Chapter 3; pg 107-108
Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.-Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.-Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.-Filtration

Review Exercises:

2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions.

3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.

12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth ER-breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction; Rough ER-ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to th lengething protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium-
h. flagellum-
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.

14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Chapter 5; pg 167
Review Exercises:
1. Define tissue.-A group of cells performing a similar function.

2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.-Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue

12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.-Holds everything together; blood and bones are connective tissues.